Reproductive history differentially shapes the neural response of middle-aged females to estradiol therapy after a metabolic challenge
Jennifer E. Richard, Ahmad Mohammad, Stephanie E. Lieblich, Kimberly A. Go, Soda Wang, Rebecca K. Rechlin, Tallinn F. L. Splinter, George Emilio Barreto, Liisa A.M. Galea
This study shows that reproductive history and APOE genotype influence how middle-aged females respond to estradiol therapy and metabolic stress, with primiparous hAPOE4 females showing increased inflammation and memory impairment.
bioRxiv · Jan 18, 2026 · PreprintNeuroscience