Establishing reliable blood biomarkers for trimethylamine N-oxide status in rodents: effects of oral choline challenge, dietary choline and fasting conditions
Ahmad Ud Din, Michael G. Sweet, Ashley M McAmis…·Andrew Peter Neilson
This study evaluates how dietary choline and fasting conditions affect blood TMAO levels in rats, finding that high choline diets and non-fasting states increase TMAO, with implications for biomarker reliability.