Lactate production from lactose-rich wastewater: A comparative study on reactor configurations to maximize conversion rates and efficiencies

Abstract

About 90% of global lactate production is derived from bacterial fermentation of sugars via pure cultures of homofermentative bacteria in batch mode. Acid whey, which is a wastewater from the yogurt industry with lactose and galactose as the main sugars, can be used as an alternative substrate for the commercial production of lactate. Operating open cultures of microbial consortia (i.e., reactor microbiomes) reduces the costs of lactate production by circumventing sterilization, while continuous operation achieves higher productivity at shorter production times. Homofermentation can be achieved by maintaining acidic and thermophilic conditions, while product formation in continuous systems can be increased with biomass retention strategies. To find the best reactor configuration for lactate production from acid whey, we operated three different reactor configurations: (1) an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor; (2) an anaerobic filter reactor (AFR); and (3) an anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a hollow-fiber membrane module. We operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) to find the optimum parameters to maximize the lactose and galactose-into-lactate (LG-into-LA) conversion efficiency. We did not use an inoculum but enriched the endogenous D-lactate-producing Lactobacillus spp. that later dominated the reactor microbiomes (> 90% relative abundance). Undissociated lactic acid concentrations of more than 60 mmol C L-1 inhibited the microbiomes. We alleviated the inhibition effect by shortening the HRT to 0.6 days and using diluted acid-whey substrate (1.67-fold dilution) to achieve almost complete conversion of the acid-whey sugars to lactate. At the 0.6-day HRT commencement, the AFR and CSTR performed better than the UASB reactor due to their better cell retention abilities. During the period between Day 365-384, we experienced an error in the pH control of the CSTR system during which the pH value dropped to 4.3. After this pH-error period, the LG-into-LA conversion efficiency for the CSTR considerably improved and surpassed the AFR. We achieved the highest lactate conversion rate of 1256 {+/-} 46.3 mmol C L-1 d-1 (1.57 {+/-} 0.06 g L-1 h-1) at a LG-into-LA conversion efficiency of 82.2 {+/-} 3.4% (in mmol C), with a yield of 0.85 {+/-} 0.02 mmol C mmol C-1 (product per consumed substrate) for the CSTR.