Internal bias controls dopamine perceptual decision-related responses

Dopamine neurons produce reward-related signals that regulate learning and guide behavior. Prior expectations about forthcoming stimuli and internal biases can alter perception and choices and thus could influence dopamine signaling. We tested this hypothesis studying dopamine neurons recorded in monkeys trained to discriminate between two tactile frequencies separated by a delay period, a task affected by the contraction bias. The bias greatly controlled the animals choices and confidence on their decisions. During decision formation the phasic activity reflected bias-induced modulations and simultaneously coded reward prediction errors. In contrast, the activity during the delay period was not affected by the bias, was not tuned to the value of the stimuli but was temporally modulated, pointing to a role different from that of the phasic activity.