Deficiency of the Endocytic Protein Hip1 Leads to Decreased Gdpd3 expression, Low Phosphocholine, and Kypholordosis

Deficiency of huntingtin interacting protein 1 (Hip1) results in degenerative phenotypes. Here we generated a Hip1 deficiency allele where a floxed transcriptional stop-cassette and a human HIP1 cDNA were knocked-in to intron 1 of mouse Hip1 locus. CMV-Cre- mediated germline excision of the stop-cassette resulted in expression of HIP1 and rescue of the Hip1 knockout phenotype. Mxl-Cre--mediated excision led to HIP1 expression in spleen, kidney and liver, and also rescued the phenotype. In contrast, GFAP-Cre- mediated HIP1 expression in brain did not rescue the phenotype. Metabolomics and microarrays of several Hip1 knockout tissues identified low phosphocholine (PC) levels and low Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Domain Containing 3 (Gdpd3) expression. Since Gdpd3 has lysophospholipase D activity that results in the formation of choline, a precursor of PC, Gdpd3 downregulation could lead to the low PC levels. To test if Gdpd3 contributes to the Hip1 deficiency phenotype, we generated Gdpd3 knockout mice. Double knockout of Gdpd3 and Hip1 worsened the Hip1 phenotype. This suggests that Gdpd3 compensates for Hip1 loss. More detailed knowledge of how Hip1 deficiency leads to low PC will improve our understanding of HIP1 in choline metabolism in normal and disease states.