Inhibitors of lysinoalanine crosslinking in the flagella hook as antimicrobials against spirochetes

Abstract

Spirochetes are especially invasive bacteria that are responsible for several human diseases, including Lyme disease, periodontal disease, syphilis and leptospirosis. Spirochetes rely on an unusual form of motility based on periplasmic flagella (PFs) to infect hosts and evade the immune system. The flexible hook of these PFs contains a post-translational modification in the form of a lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslink between adjacent subunits of FlgE, which primarily comprise the hook. Lal crosslinking has since been found in key species across phylum and involves residues that are highly conserved. The requirement of the Lal crosslink for motility of the pathogens Treponema denticola (Td) and Borreliella burgdorferi (Bb) establish Lal as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anti-microbials. Herein, we present the design, development and application of a NanoLuc-based high-throughput screen that was used to successfully identify two, structurally related Lal crosslink inhibitors (hexachlorophene and triclosan) from a library of clinically approved small molecules. A structure-activity relationship study further expanded the inhibitor set to a third compound (dichlorophene) and each inhibitor was demonstrated to biochemically block autocatalytic crosslinking of FlgE from several pathogenic spirochetes with varied mechanisms and degrees of specificity. The most potent inhibitor, hexachlorophene, alters Lal crosslinking in cultured cells of Td and reduces bacterial motility in swimming plate assays. Overall, these results provide a proof-of-concept for the discovery and development of Lal-crosslink inhibitors to combat spirochete-derived illnesses.