Interface Refinement of Low-to-Medium Resolution Cryo-EM Complexes using HADDOCK2.4

A wide range of cellular processes require the formation of multimeric protein complexes. The rise of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has enabled the structural characterization of these protein assemblies. The produced density maps can, however, still suffer from limited resolution, impeding the process of resolving structures at atomic resolution. In order to solve this issue, monomers can be fitted into low-to-medium resolution maps. Unfortunately, the produced models frequently contain atomic clashes at the protein-protein interfaces (PPIs) as intermolecular interactions are typically not considered during monomer fitting. Here, we present a refinement approach based on HADDOCK2.4 to remove intermolecular clashes and optimize PPIs. A dataset of 14 cryo-EM complexes was used to test eight protocols. The best performing protocol, consisting of a semi-flexible simulated annealing refinement with restraints on the centroids of the monomers, was able to decrease intermolecular atomic clashes by 98% without significantly deteriorating the quality of the cryo-EM density fit.