Heptanol-mediated phase separation determines phase preference of molecules in live cell membranes

Abstract

Plasma membranes contain diverse nanoscale assemblies of lipid and protein domains. Specific localization of lipids and proteins in these domains is often essential for membrane function and integrity. Due to the nanoscale size and dynamic nature of membrane domains, identification of molecules residing in domains either is not possible with modern imaging techniques or requires advanced methods with high spatiotemporal resolution. Such methods need expensive equipment making these approaches inaccessible and thus difficult to implement at large scale. Here, we present a novel membrane fluidizer-induced clustering (MFIC) approach to identify the phase-preference of molecules in intact cell membranes. Experiments in phase-separated bilayers and live cells on molecules with known phase preference demonstrate that heptanol hyperfluidizes the membrane and stabilizes phase separation in cell membranes. The domain stabilization results in a transition of nano-to micron-sized clusters of associated molecules and allows identification of molecules localized in domains using routine microscopy techniques. This assay can be carried out on both genetically and extrinsically labelled molecules in live cell membranes, does not require any invasive sample preparation and can be carried out in 10-15 minutes. This inexpensive and easy to implement assay can be conducted at large-scale and will allow easy identification of molecules partitioning into domains.