The Antagonism of Folate Receptor by the Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors are increasingly being used for antiretroviral therapy (ART), and dolutegravir (DTG/Tivicay) has emerged as a leading core agent. In 2018, the Tsepamo study reported a 6- to 9-fold increase for neural tube defect (NTD) risk among the offspring of mothers receiving DTG during early gestation. Maternal folate (vitamin B9) status is the largest known modifier of NTD risk, so we evaluated folate-related mechanisms of action and the critical period for DTG developmental toxicity. Folate receptor (FOLR1) binding studies indicate DTG is a non-competitive FOLR1 antagonist at therapeutic concentrations. In vitro testing indicates calcium (2mM) increases FOLR1-folate interactions and alters DTG-FOLR1-folate interactions and cytotoxicity. DTG does not inhibit downstream folate metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Early embryonic exposure to DTG is developmentally toxic in zebrafish, and supplemental folic acid can mitigate DTG developmental toxicity. The results from these studies are expected to inform and guide future animal models and clinical studies of DTG-based ART in women of childbearing age.