MLKL D144K mutation activates the necroptotic activity of the N-terminal MLKL domain

Abstract

Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is an essential effector protein of necroptotic cell death. The four-helix bundle domain (4HB) presented by the first 125 amino acids of the N-terminal domain is sufficient for its necroptotic activity. However, it has been proposed that the subsequent helix H6 of the brace region has a regulatory effect on its necroptotic activity. How the brace region restrains the necroptotic activity of the N-terminal domain of MLKL is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of helix H6 to constrain the necroptotic activity. A single amino acid mutation D144K was able to activate the necroptotic activity of the N-terminal domain of MLKL by removing helix H6 away from 4HB domain. This enabled proteins oligomerization and membrane translocation. Moreover, a biophysical comparison revealed that helix H6 becomes partially unstructured due to D144K mutation, leading to a lower overall thermodynamic stability of the mutant protein compared to the wild type.