Magnetic Resonance measurements of cellular and sub-cellular membrane structures in live and fixed neural tissue

We develop magnetic resonance (MR) methods for measuring real-time changes of tissue microstructure and membrane permeability of live and fixed neural tissue. Diffusion and exchange MR measurements are performed using the large static gradient produced by a single-sided permanent magnet. Using tissue delipidation methods, we show that water diffusion is restricted solely by lipid membranes. Most of the diffusion signal can be assigned to water in tissue which is far from membranes. The remaining 25% can be assigned to water restricted on length scales of roughly a micron or less, near or within membrane structures at the cellular, organelle, and vesicle levels. Diffusion exchange spectroscopy measures water exchanging between membrane structures and free environments at 100 s-1.