Probiotic-Directed Fermentation Reprograms the Metabolic Profile of a Traditional Mongolian Whole-Wheat Diet and Modulates Escherichia coli-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Abstract

Traditional Mongolian fermented foods have been extensively utilized for dietary regulation and the promotion of gastrointestinal health. However, spontaneous fermentation remains inherently unpredictable, leading to significant variations in microbial community dynamics, metabolite accumulation, and the consistency and quality of the final product. Drawing on the traditional preparation of Mongolian acidic foods, this study established a controlled production strategy for whole-wheat probiotic fermented soup (WWPFS) by combining enzymatic pretreatment with probiotic-directed fermentation. Physicochemical characterization, 16S rRNA gene-based microbial community profiling, LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics, safety evaluation, and an Escherichia coli-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis model were employed to optimize and comprehensively characterize the fermentation process of WWPFS. The optimized process established a reproducible fermentation system consistently dominated by Lactobacillus and Bacillus across independent fermentation batches. Compared with traditional spontaneous fermentation, probiotic-directed fermentation remodeled the physicochemical properties of the whole-wheat matrix, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and mineral composition, and facilitated the accumulation of putatively annotated LC-MS/MS features, including DL-lactate, 1,4-D-xylobiose, diacetyl, and phenyllactic-acid-related features derivatives. Acute oral and 28-day repeated-dose toxicity evaluations showed no treatment-related adverse effects within the tested dose range and study duration. In the Escherichia coli-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis mouse model, microbial richness, diversity, and community structure differed among the experimental groups, and both low- and high-dose WWPFS groups showed significant shifts in overall gut microbial community composition relative to the model group after multiple-testing correction, together with directional recovery of selected model-responsive bacterial genera. Cross-system integration identified coordinated response patterns between fermentation-derived metabolite features and model-responsive gut bacterial taxa, supporting a potential metabolite-microbiota link in WWPFS-mediated gut microbiota modulation. In summary, probiotic-directed fermentation improved the controllability of the traditional Mongolian fermented food production process, reshaped its metabolic profile, and enhanced its potential to modulate the gut microbiota. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting the modernization of traditional Mongolian fermented foods and the development of probiotic-based functional foods.