Parallel molecular computation on digital data stored in DNA

DNA is an incredibly dense storage medium for digital data, but computing on the stored information is expensive and slow (rounds of sequencing, in silico computation, and DNA synthesis). Augmenting DNA storage with "in-memory" molecular computation, we use strand displacement reactions to algorithmically modify data stored in the topological modification of DNA. A secondary sequence-level encoding allows high-throughput sequencing-based readout. We show multiple rounds of binary counting and cellular automaton Rule 110 computation on 4-bit data registers, as well as selective access and erasure. Avoiding stringent sequence design, we demonstrate large strand displacement cascades (122 distinct steps) on naturally-occurring DNA sequences. Our work merges DNA storage and DNA computing, setting the foundation of entirely molecular algorithms for parallel manipulation of digital information kept in DNA.