Evaluative foraging: From value to action

Hedonic evaluation shapes behaviour. Yet, the mechanisms that transform hedonic values into motivated behaviour remain poorly understood, and key questions remain unanswered. How do habits, wanting and liking interact to generate behaviour? Do common principles govern behaviour across species, cognitive systems and behavioural complexity? We propose a unifying framework for understanding motivated behaviour that integrates hedonic evaluation with active inference, a theory in which perception, action and cognition emerge from the imperative to minimise free energy - a proxy for the discrepancy between actual and preferred states. We argue that expected free energy encodes wanting - the motivational drive toward rewarding outcomes - while variational free energy provides a measure of liking and disliking of resulting outcomes. This synthesis, which we term evaluative foraging, offers a principled explanation for how organisms navigate their environments based on a common mechanism of pleasure-driven learning and decision-making. It posits that motivated behaviour emerges from the iterative pursuit of maximising reward, with prospective and experiential evaluation motivating and monitoring actions through wanting and liking mechanisms. We demonstrate how evaluative foraging captures a wide range of behaviours, from allostatic processes to sophisticated cultural endeavours such as art appreciation. Our integrative perspective enables testing the neurobiological implementation of the core constructs of active inference as the main components of hedonic evaluation, and fosters mutual enrichment between these fundamental approaches to behaviour. Ultimately, evaluative foraging reinforces the view that cognition is essentially about purposive engagement in adaptive interactions with environmental affordances and offers a unified framework for investigating cognition and behaviour.