Modulation of Receptor-like Trans-Membrane Kinase 1 nuclear localisation by DA1 peptidases in Arabidopsis.

The activities of proteins can depend on their cleavage, which influences their cellular location, stability and functions. The cleavage of intracellular domains of Receptor -Like Kinases (RLK) has an important functional role in the transduction of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus in many organisms. However, the peptidases that catalyse protein cleavage during signal transduction remain poorly understood despite their crucial roles in diverse signalling processes. Here we report in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana that members of the DA1 family of ubiquitin-regulated Zn metallopeptidases cleave the cytoplasmic kinase domain of TransMembrane Kinase 1 (TMK1), releasing it for nuclear localisation where it represses auxin-responsive cell growth during apical hook formation by phosphorylation and stabilisation of the transcriptional repressors IAA32 and IAA34. Mutations in DA1 family members exhibited reduced apical hook formation, and DA1 family mediated cleavage of TMK1 was promoted by auxin treatment. Expression of the DA1 family - generated intracellular kinase domain of TMK1 by an auxin-responsive promoter fully restored apical hook formation in a tmk1 mutant, establishing the function of DA1 family peptidase activities in TMK1-mediated differential cell growth and apical hook formation. DA1 family peptidase activity therefore modulates TMK1 kinase activity between a membrane location where it stimulates acid cell growth and initiates an auxin-dependent kinase cascade controlling cell proliferation in lateral roots and a nuclear localisation where it represses auxin mediated gene expression and growth.