Experimental nerve block study on painful withdrawal reflex responses in humans

Abstract

The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) is a protective limb withdrawal response triggered by painful stimuli, used to assess spinal nociceptive excitability. Conventionally, the NWR is understood as having two reflex responses: a short-latency A{beta}-mediated response, considered tactile, and a longer-latency A{delta}-mediated response, considered nociceptive. However, nociceptors with conduction velocities similar to A{beta} tactile afferents have been identified in human skin. In this study, we investigated the effect of a preferential conduction block of A{beta} fibers on pain perception and NWR signaling evoked by intradermal electrical stimulation in healthy participants. We recorded a total of 198 NWR responses in the intact condition, and no dual reflex responses occurred within our latency bandwidth (50-150 ms). The current intensity required to evoke the NWR was magnitude higher than the perceptual pain threshold, indicating that NWR did not occur before pain was felt. In the block condition, when the A{beta}-mediated tuning fork sensation was lost while A{delta}-mediated nonpainful cooling was still detectable (albeit reduced), we observed that the reflex was abolished. Further, short-latency electrical pain intensity at pre-block thresholds was greatly reduced, with any residual pain sensation having a longer latency. Although electrical pain was unaffected at suprathreshold current intensities, the reflex could not be evoked despite a two-fold increase in the pre-block current intensity and a five-fold increase in the pre-block pulse duration. These observations lend support to the possible involvement of A{beta}-fiber inputs in pain and reflex signaling.