An Ultralong Bovine CDRH3 that Targets a Conserved, Cryptic Epitope on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The ability of broadly neutralising antibodies to target conserved epitopes gives them huge potential as antibody-based therapeutics, particularly in the face of constant viral antigen evolution. Certain bovine antibodies are highly adept at binding conserved, glycosylated epitopes, courtesy of their ultralong complementarity determining region (CDR)H3. Here, we used a SARS-naive, bovine ultralong CDRH3 library and mammalian cell display, to isolate a bovine paratope that engages the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). This neutralises viruses pseudo-typed with SARS-CoV Spike protein but not by competition with RBD binding to ACE2. Instead, using differential hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that this ultralong CDRH3 recognises a rarely identified, conserved, cryptic epitope that overlaps the target of pan-sarbecovirus antibodies (7D6/6D6). The epitope is glycan-shielded and becomes accessible only transiently via inter-domain movements. This represents the first bovine anti-sarbecovirus paratope and highlights the power of this approach in identifying novel tools to combat emerging pathogens.