Temporal variability in host availability alters the outcome of competition between two parasitoid species

O_LIVariability in the availability of resources through time is a common attribute in trophic interactions, but its effects on the fitness of different consumer species and on interspecific competition between them are not clearly understood. C_LIO_LITo investigate this, we allowed two parasitoid species, Trichopria drosophilae and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae, to exploit Drosophila host pupae under three temporal variability treatments, either on their own or simultaneously. C_LIO_LIWhen tested individually (in the absence of interspecific competition), both parasitoid species had lower fitness when hosts were exposed for a short duration at high density than when exposed for a long duration at low density. When both parasitoid species exploited hosts simultaneously, interspecific competition significantly decreased the number of offspring for both parasitoid species. The outcome of this interspecific competition depended on host temporal variability, with T. drosophilae or P. vindemiae dominating in short and long host exposure treatments, respectively. C_LIO_LIThese results can be explained by the combination of host availability and egg load of female adult parasitoids. When abundant hosts are provided for a short period, the ample mature eggs of the proovigenic T. drosophilae enable them to exploit hosts more efficiently than P. vindemiae, which is synovigenic. However, P. vindemiae is an intrinsically superior competitor and dominates when multiparasitism occurs. Multiparasitism is more frequent when hosts are at low levels relative to the egg load of the parasitoids. C_LIO_LIOur results clearly demonstrate that resource temporal availability can alter the outcome of competition between consumers with different reproductive traits. C_LI