Multiple parasitoid species enhance top-down control, but parasitoid performance is context-dependent

Abstract

O_LIEcological communities are composed of many species, forming complex networks of interactions. Current environmental changes are altering community composition. We thus need to identify which aspects of species interactions are primarily driven by community structure and which by species identity to predict changes in the functioning of communities. Yet, this partitioning of effects is challenging and thus rarely explored. C_LIO_LIHere we disentangled the influence of community structure and the identity of co-occurring species on the outcome of consumer-resource interactions using a host-parasitoid system. C_LIO_LIWe used four community modules that are common in host-parasitoid communities to represent community structure (i.e., host-parasitoid, exploitative competition, alternative host, and a combination of both exploitative competition and alternative host). We assembled nine different species combinations per community module in a laboratory experiment using a pool of three Drosophila hosts and three larval parasitoid species. To investigate the potential mechanisms at play, we compared host suppression and parasitoid performance across community modules and species assemblages. C_LIO_LIWe found that multiple parasitoid species enhanced host suppression due to sampling effect, weaker interspecific than intraspecific competition between parasitoids, and synergism. However, the effects of community structure on parasitoid performance were species-specific and dependent on the identity of co-occurring species. Consequently, multiple parasitoid species generally strengthen top down-control, but the performance of the parasitoids depends on the identity of either the co-occurring parasitoid species, the alternative host species, or both. C_LIO_LIOur results highlight the importance of preserving predator diversity for ecosystem functioning, but also show that other effects depend on community composition, and will therefore be likely altered by current environmental changes. C_LI