The battle of the sexes in humans is highly polygenic

Sex-differential selection (SDS), which occurs when the fitness effects of alleles differ between males and females, can have profound impacts on the maintenance of genetic variation, disease risk, and other key aspects of natural populations. Because the sexes mix their autosomal genomes each generation, quantifying SDS is not possible using conventional population genetic approaches. Here, we introduce a novel method that exploits subtle sex differences in haplotype frequencies resulting from SDS acting in the current generation. Using data from 300K individuals in the UK Biobank, we estimate the strength of SDS throughout the genome. While only a handful of loci under SDS are individually significant, we uncover polygenic signals of genome-wide SDS for both viability and fecundity. An interesting life-history tradeoff emerges: alleles that increase viability more in one sex increase fecundity more in the other sex. Lastly, we find evidence of SDS on fecundity acting on alleles affecting arm fat-free mass. Taken together, our findings connect the long-standing evidence of SDS acting on human phenotypes with its impact on the genome. Significance statementSelection often acts differently on females and males, as evidenced by the striking sexual dimorphism found in many taxa. As a result, alleles can have different fitness effects in each sex. Consequences can include higher levels of genetic variation and higher disease burdens in populations. This study introduces a novel method to quantify this sex-differential selection (SDS) and reveals that it acts throughout the human genome. We discovered a life history tradeoff between survival and fecundity in females and males and that SDS on fecundity acts on alleles affecting arm fat-free mass.