Development and Analytical Validation of a Smartphone-Based Quantitative Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Serum Cystatin-C

Abstract

Cystatin-C is an important renal function biomarker, and conventional quantification requires centralized laboratory analyzers, which limits timely testing in primary care and resource-limited settings. To address this need, we developed and validated a simple, rapid, and quantitative smartphone-based (SP) lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for measuring serum Cystatin-C. The SP-LFIA platform consists of a colorimetric LFIA strip and a custom SP reader with uniform LED illumination and macro lens for image capture. Quantitative image analysis of the colorimetric signal is performed by a dedicated application using a pre-defined third order polynomial calibration model. Following systematic optimization, the assay demonstrated a wide quantitative range of 0.32-8.00 mg/L, with a limit of detection of 0.15 mg/L. Analytical validation conducted according to CLSI guidelines showed excellent precision, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation below 10%, and no significant interference from bilirubin, triglycerides, hemoglobin, or rheumatoid factor. Accelerated stability testing confirmed robust strip performance after storage at 50 {degrees}C for 28 days. Method comparison using 100 clinical serum samples showed high agreement with a commercial PETIA reference method (R{superscript 2} = 0.993) and minimal bias. These results indicate that the developed smartphone-based LFIA provides a reliable, cost-effective, and practical tool for point-of-care Cystatin-C monitoring.