The conserved endocannabinoid anandamide modulates olfactory sensitivity to induce hedonic feeding in C. elegans

Abstract

The ability of cannabis to increase consumption of food has been known for centuries. In addition to producing hyperphagia, cannabinoids can amplify existing preferences for calorically dense, palatable food sources, a phenomenon called hedonic feeding. These effects result from the action of plant-derived cannabinoids on brain receptors where they mimic natural ligands called endocannabinoids. The high degree of conservation of cannabinoid signaling at the molecular level across the animal kingdom suggests hedonic feeding may also be widely conserved. Here we show that exposure of C. elegans to anandamide, an endocannabinoid common to nematodes and mammals, shifts both appetitive and consummatory responses toward nutritionally superior food, an effect analogous to hedonic feeding. We find that anandamides effect on feeding requires the C. elegans cannabinoid receptor NPR-19 but it can also be mediated by the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor, indicating functional conservation between the nematode and mammalian endocannabinoid systems for regulation of food preferences. Furthermore, the effect of anandamide in C. elegans is bidirectional, as it increases appetitive and consummatory responses to superior food but decreases these responses to inferior food. This bidirectionality is mirrored at the cellular level. Anandamides behavioral effects require the AWC chemosensory neurons, and anandamide renders these neurons more sensitive to superior food and less sensitive to inferior food. Our findings reveal a surprising degree of functional conservation in the effects of endocannabinoids on hedonic feeding across species and establish a new system in which to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of endocannabinoid system function in the regulation of food choice.