Crossovers are regulated by a conserved and disordered synaptonemal complex domain

Abstract

To ensure the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes and enhance the genetic diversity in the progeny, meiosis depends on the formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes. The number and distribution of these crossovers must be precisely regulated through crossover assurance and interference to prevent chromosome missegregation and genomic instability. Here we show that the regulation of crossovers depends on a disordered domain within the synaptonemal complex, which is highly conserved. This domain is located at the C-terminus of the central element protein SYP-4 in C. elegans. While not necessary for synapsis, the C-terminus of SYP-4 is crucial for both crossover assurance and interference. Although the SYP-4 C-terminus contains many potential phosphorylation sites, we found that phosphorylation is not the primary regulator of crossover events. Instead, we discovered that nine conserved phenylalanines recruit a pro-crossover factor predicted to be an E3 ligase and regulate the physical properties of the synaptonemal complex. We propose that this conserved and disordered domain plays a crucial role in maintaining the synaptonemal complex in an activated state to promote crossing-over. This activation allows the synaptonemal complex to regulate the number and distribution of crossovers along chromosomes, thereby protecting the genome for future generations.