BuzzWatch: uncovering multi-scale temporal patterns in mosquito behavior through continuous long-term monitoring

Understanding the temporal dynamics of mosquito behavior is essential for developing effective interventions against pathogen transmission. However, limited knowledge exists about the environmental, physiological, and genetic factors influencing mosquito activity patterns. This knowledge gap is partly due to a lack of tools to accurately quantify the behavior of free-flying mosquitoes over extended periods. Here, we introduce BuzzWatch, an open-source, low-cost platform designed to continuously monitor mosquito flight behavior over several weeks with high temporal resolution. BuzzWatch records videos of mosquitoes freely flying in a transparent cage and automates the extraction, analysis, and visualization of behavioral data, including flight trajectories and population-level flight and sugar-feeding statistics. Using BuzzWatch, we quantified the daily rhythms of 10 Aedes aegypti populations from various geographic origins. Globally invasive Ae. aegypti showed increased sugar feeding and flight activity during midday compared to native African populations. Our platform further revealed subtle, long-lasting effects of blood feeding on activity patterns and a complex response to extended daylight periods. By integrating a host-seeking module in BuzzWatch to deliver CO2 and heat pulses, we observed a twofold increase in Ae. aegyptis response to host-associated cues during the daytime compared to nighttime. Combined, these results demonstrate BuzzWatchs potential to investigate responses to host cues over seconds, natural variability in daily rhythms over hours, and phenotypic plasticity over days. BuzzWatch offers a novel perspective on mosquito behavior over multiple timescales, paving the way for advanced ecological and epidemiological studies that can inform targeted and effective vector control strategies. Short SummaryThis study introduces a new experimental platform to monitor multiple features of mosquito behavior (flight activity, sugar feeding, short-range host-seeking) with high temporal resolution over several weeks. HighlightsO_LIContinuous month-long tracking of mosquito flight activity in a laboratory setting. C_LIO_LIMultiscale analysis of flight behavior, from seconds to weeks. C_LIO_LIMapping of natural variation in daily rhythm of Aedes aegypti populations. C_LIO_LIQuantifying the long-lasting effect of physiological (blood-meal digestion) and environmental (photoperiod increase) perturbations. C_LIO_LIAutomatically monitoring response to short-range host-seeking cues at specific times of the day. C_LI