Dynamically actuated reconfigurable topographical surface enables active control of implant-associated infections

Abstract

Implant-associated infections are driven by bacterial biofilm formation and remain difficult to eradicate using conventional antibiotic-based strategies. Here, we present a dynamically actuated reconfigurable topographical surface (DARTS) that integrates intrinsically bactericidal nanoscale surface topography with programmable mechanical actuation to achieve durable, antibiotic-free infection control. Using a scalable bottom-up nanofabrication strategy, we generate tunable wrinkled MXene topographies that exhibit contact-mediated bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria without chemical leaching. Integration with a soft robotic actuator enables reversible modulation of surface geometry, which synergistically enhances bacterial removal and killing, resulting in near-complete disruption of mature biofilms. Dynamic actuation further sensitizes released bacteria to antibiotic treatment. In a mouse subcutaneous implant infection model, DARTS with actuation achieves sustained suppression of bacterial burden and markedly improves host tissue outcomes. Remote, noninvasive actuation using near-infrared laser stimulation further highlights the translational potential of this platform for implantable antibacterial applications. Significance StatementImplant infections are difficult to treat because bacteria form biofilms that protect them from antibiotics and the immune system. Current materials often rely on chemical release, which can lose effectiveness over time. Here, we present a new surface that both kills bacteria and removes them. The surface uses nanoscale features to physically damage bacterial cells, while dynamic motion clears attached bacteria and biofilms. This allows continuous, chemical-free control of infection. In a mouse implant model, the system greatly reduced bacterial burden and improved tissue healing. This work introduces a new way to control bacteria using dynamic surface design and could be applied not only to medical implants but also to environmental, food, textile, and marine systems.