WASP and SCAR are evolutionarily conserved in actin-filled pseudopod-based motility

Abstract

Diverse eukaryotic cells crawl through complex environments using distinct modes of migration. To understand the underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary relationships, we must define each mode, and identify its phenotypic and molecular markers. Here, we focus on a widely dispersed migration mode characterized by dynamic, actin-filled pseudopods that we call \"-motility.\" Mining genomic data reveals a clear trend: only organisms with both WASP and SCAR/WAVE--activators of branched actin assembly--make actin-filled pseudopods. While SCAR has been shown to drive pseudopod formation, WASPs role in this process is controversial. We hypothesize that these genes together represent a genetic signature of -motility, because both are used for pseudopod formation. WASP depletion from human neutrophils confirms that both proteins are involved in explosive actin polymerization, pseudopod formation, and cell migration, and colocalize to dynamic signaling structures. Moreover, retention of WASP together with SCAR correctly predicts -motility in disease-causing chytrid fungi, which we show crawl at >30 m/min with actin-filled pseudopods. By focusing on one migration mode in many eukaryotes, we identify a genetic marker of pseudopod formation, the morphological feature of -motility, providing evidence for a widely distributed mode of cell crawling with a single evolutionary origin.