Wirelessly-Powered Ingestible Electronic Capsule for Non-invasive Gastrointestinal Optogenetics

Optogenetics enables the activation and inhibition of neurons with cell specificity. The gut harbors intricate networks of enteric and central neurons. Uncovering these neuronal pathways in vivo is challenging with traditional neuroscience probes due to the highly motile and harsh gut environment. Here we report the development of an ingestible electronic capsule for non-invasive optical gut stimulation (ICOPS) in rodents. ICOPS is powered wirelessly via a transmitter coil, dosed via oral gavage, and safely excreted without causing obstruction. ICOPS permits modular interchangeability of onboard light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for illumination. We exemplify this with optical irradiance at 470 nm, a commonly-used wavelength in optogenetics for activating channelrhodopsin2. ICOPS features a micro-LED ({micro}LED), a 460-turn coil wound around a ferrite core, and a resonating capacitor. We optimized the transmitting and receiving circuits to achieve maximum power transfer at low operating frequencies (45-140 kHz), overcoming challenges like loose coupling and misalignment. The capsule operates effectively at a distance up to 12 cm longitudinally, 9 cm laterally, and 75{degrees} rotational angle relative to the magnetic field. Specific absorption rate (SAR) calculations indicate transmitter-induced SAR levels within safe limits for the occupational environment at 6 Arms and 45 and 63 kHz frequencies ICOPS is robust and transits through the rat gastrointestinal (GI) tract in under 20 hours intact. We demonstrate in vivo functionality and viability of ICOPS using IVIS micro-computed tomography ({micro}CT). ICOPS could pave the way for non-invasive optogenetic interfacing of enteric neural circuits towards their use to regulate motility, visceral pain, and other gastrointestinal disorders.