Emergence and antigenic characterisation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses with hemagglutinin substitutions N158K and K189R during the 2024/25 influenza season
Björn F. Koel, Alexander Byrne, Samuel A. Turner, Sarah L. James, Ruth Harvey, Mónica Galiano, Christine Carr, Pascal Lexmond, Mark Pronk, Ruonan Liang, Geert‐Jan Boons, Robert P. de Vries, Dirk Eggink, Nicola S. Lewis, Derek Smith, , Ron A. M. Fouchier
This study characterizes the emergence and antigenic properties of influenza A(H3N2) viruses with N158K and K189R substitutions, showing they are antigenically distinct from vaccine strains and may reduce vaccine effectiveness.
bioRxiv · Feb 10, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology