4D force patterning enables spatial control of angiogenesis
Sina Kheiri, Jessica Shah, Peiyuan Chai, Shashaank A. Venkatesh, Ryan A. Flynn, Roger Dale Kamm, Ritu Raman
This paper demonstrates that 4D force patterning using a magnetically actuated vessel-on-a-chip platform enables precise spatiotemporal control over angiogenesis by modulating mechanical strain magnitude, frequency, and direction.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · Jul 6, 2026Peer-reviewedBioengineering