Evidence for a biphasic mechanism of virus transmission of the human metapneumovirus in LLC-MK2 cell monolayers.
Tra Nguyen Huong, Boon Huan Tan, Richard Joseph Sugrue
This study shows HMPV transmission in LLC-MK2 cells occurs in two phases: initial cell-to-cell spread via virus filaments, followed by cell-free virus spread linked to membrane changes and signaling pathway activation.
bioRxiv · Jul 22, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology