A step toward synthetic endosymbiosis: introducing Escherichia coli and the trypanosomatid endosymbiont Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii into mammalian cells using a polyethylene glycol-based fusion protocol
Rudvi Pednekar, Natascha A. van Geelen-Kuenzel, Carroll MC Diehl, Leonie-Alexa Koch, Briardo Llorente, Eva C. M. Nowack, Matias Daniel Zurbriggen
This paper introduces a PEG-based protocol to deliver Escherichia coli and Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii into mammalian cells without genetic modification or specialized equipment.
bioRxiv · Sep 22, 2026 · PreprintSynthetic Biology