A cationic lipid site at the outward transmembrane face of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel

Abstract

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are crucial mediators of electrochemical signal transduction from bacteria to humans. Lipids play an important role in regulating pLGIC function, yet the structural basis for specific pLGIC-lipid interactions remains poorly understood. The bacterial channel ELIC recapitulates several properties of eukaryotic pLGICs, including activation by the neurotransmitter GABA and sensitivity to lipids, offering a simplified model system for structure-function studies. In this study, functional effects of non-canonical amino acid substitution of W206 at the top of the M1-helix, combined with detergent interactions observed in recent X-ray structures, are consistent with this region being the location of a lipid binding site on the outward face of the ELIC transmembrane domain. Coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations revealed preferential binding of lipids containing a positive charge, particularly involving interactions with residue W206 consistent with cation-{pi} binding. Polar contacts from the principal subunit, particularly M3 residue Q264, further supported lipid binding via headgroup ester linkages. Aromatic residues were identified at analogous sites in a handful of eukaryotic family members, including the human GABAA receptor subunit {varepsilon}, suggesting conservation of relevant interactions in other evolutionary branches. Further mutagenesis experiments indicated that mutations at this site in {varepsilon}-containing GABAA receptors can change the apparent affinity of the agonist response to GABA, consistent with a potential role of this site in channel gating. In conclusion, this work is a detailed case study in type-specific lipid interactions at an evolutionarily distinctive pLGIC site, with implications for lipid modulation and lipophilic drug design.