Activatable prodrug for controlled release of an antimicrobial peptide via the proteases overexpressed in Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract

We report the controlled release of an antimicrobial peptide using enzyme-activatable prodrugs to treat and detect Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Our motivation lies in the prevalence of these microorganisms in the subgingival area where the frequency of fungal colonization increases with periodontal disease. This work is based on an antimicrobial peptide that is both therapeutic and induces a color change in a nanoparticle reporter. This antimicrobial peptide was then built into a zwitterionic prodrug that quenches its activity until activation by a protease inherent to these pathogens of interest: SAP9 or RgpB for C. albicans and P. gingivalis, respectively. We first confirmed that the intact zwitterionic prodrug has negligible toxicity to fungal, bacterial, and mammalian cells absent a protease trigger. Next, the therapeutic impact was assessed via disk diffusion and viability assays and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.1 - 16 {micro}g/mL, which is comparable to the antimicrobial peptide alone (absent integration into prodrug). Finally, the zwitterionic design was exploited for colorimetric detection of C. albicans and P. gingivalis proteases. When the prodrugs were cleaved, the plasmonic nanoparticles aggregated causing a color change with a limit of detection of 10 nM with gold nanoparticles and 3 nM with silver nanoparticles. This approach has value as a convenient and selective protease sensing and protease-induced treatment mechanism based on bioinspired antimicrobial peptides. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=78 SRC="FIGDIR/small/568833v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (26K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e9cf5corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12cb36forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b862f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@697946_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG