Dissecting the impact of somatic hypermutation on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and viral escape

Abstract

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) drives affinity maturation and continues over months in SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Yet, several potent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies carry no or only few mutations, leaving the question of how ongoing SHM affects neutralization. Here, we reverted variable region mutations of 92 antibodies and tested their impact on SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralization. Reverting higher numbers of mutations correlated with decreasing antibody functionality. However, some antibodies, including the public clonotype VH1-58, remained unaffected for Wu01 activity. Moreover, while mutations were dispensable for Wu01-induced VH1-58 antibodies to neutralize Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, they were critical to neutralize Omicron BA.1/BA.2. Notably, we exploited this knowledge to convert the clinical antibody tixagevimab into a BA.1/BA.2-neutralizer. These findings substantially broaden our understanding of SHM as a mechanism that not only improves antibody responses during affinity maturation, but also counteracts antigenic imprinting through antibody diversification and thus increases the chances of neutralizing viral escape variants.