Fortuitous Somatic Mutations during Antibody Evolution Endow Broad Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants

Striking antibody evasion by emerging circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants drives the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, how a bNAb acquires increased neutralization breadth during antibody evolution is still elusive. Here, we identified a clonally-related antibody family from a convalescent individual. One of the members, XG005, exhibited potent and broad neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants, while the other members showed significant reductions in neutralization breadth and potency, especially against the Omicron sublineages. Structural analysis visualizing the XG005-Omicron spike binding interface revealed how crucial somatic mutations endowed XG005 with greater neutralization potency and breadth. A single administration of XG005 with extended half-life, reduced antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, and increased antibody product quality, exhibited a high therapeutic efficacy in BA.2- and BA.5-challenged mice. Our results provided a natural example to show the importance of somatic hypermutation during antibody evolution for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization breadth and potency.