Sleep pressure accumulates in a voltage-gated lipid peroxidation memory

Voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels contain cytoplasmic {beta}-subunits whose aldo-keto reductase activity is required for the homeostatic regulation of sleep. Here we show that Hyperkinetic, the {beta}-subunit of the KV1 channel Shaker in Drosophila, forms a dynamic lipid peroxidation memory. Information is stored in the oxidation state of Hyperkinetics nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cofactor, which changes when lipid-derived carbonyls, such as 4-oxo-2-nonenal or an endogenous analog generated by illuminating a membrane-bound photosensitizer, abstract an electron pair. NADP+ remains locked in the active site of KV{beta} until membrane depolarization permits its release and replacement with NADPH. Sleep-inducing neurons use this voltage-gated oxidoreductase cycle to encode their recent lipid peroxidation history in the collective binary states of their KV{beta}-subunits; this biochemical memory influences--and is erased by--spike discharges driving sleep. The presence of a lipid peroxidation sensor at the core of homeostatic sleep control suggests that sleep protects neuronal membranes against oxidative damage. Indeed, brain phospholipids are depleted of vulnerable polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains after enforced waking, and slowing the removal of their carbonylic breakdown products increases the demand for sleep.