Cryo-EM resolves the structure of the archaeal dsDNA virus HFTV1 from head to tail

Outnumbering their hosts by at least a factor of 10, viruses are the most common biological entity on Earth, are major drivers of evolution, and greatly impact on the dynamics of our planets ecosystems. While viruses infecting bacteria and eukaryotes have been extensively studied, the viruses roaming the archaeal domain remain largely unexplored. In recent years, a growing number of archaeal viruses have been described, revealing a stunningly diverse range of morphologies that appear unique to archaea. Detailed structural studies are paramount to fully understand how archaeal viruses infect their hosts. However, no complete atomic models of archaeal viruses are available to date. Using electron cryo-microscopy, we investigated the structure of the archaeal virus Haloferax tailed virus 1 (HFTV1), which infects the halophile Haloferax gibbonsii LR2-5 originating from the Senegalese salt lake Retba. Through single particle analysis, we achieved near-atomic resolution for the entire set of HFTV1s structural proteins, enabling the building of a full atomic model of the virion. Comparing the structures of DNA filled and empty capsids, we visualise structural changes occurring upon DNA ejection. By investigating the double-stranded DNA inside the capsid, we elucidate how the genome is spooled upon loading. Furthermore, our structure reveals putative cell-surface receptor-binding and catalytic roles of capsid turret, baseplate, and tail fibre proteins. Together, our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of HFTV1 assembly and infection, unveiling new perspectives on general rules of host-virus interactions in archaea and their evolutionary links to bacterial and eukaryotic viruses.