Surface charge tuning of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for optimized cilostazol delivery and platelet compatibility

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This clinical burden is predominantly attributable to atherothrombotic events resulting from platelet hyperactivation, a process integral to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Cilostazol (CLZ) is a clinically established phosphodiesterase-IIIA inhibitor with antiplatelet and vasodilatory activity. However, its extremely low aqueous solubility results in dissolution-limited and variable oral absorption, while dose-dependent adverse effects and cardiovascular safety restrictions may constrain its clinical use. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) represent a highly promising drug delivery system to address these biopharmaceutical limitations. However, their interactions with blood components remain poorly understood, with surface charge among the most controversial physicochemical parameters implicated in platelet toxicity. Here, we applied an integrated ex vivo and in silico screening strategy to design LPHNPs based on poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol)-modified lipids displaying positive (amine), nominally neutral (methoxy), and negative (carboxyl) surface charges to systematically identify safe boundaries at the nano-human platelet interface and evaluate their suitability as CLZ carriers. Positively charged nanoparticles precipitated immediately during self-assembly due to uncontrolled ionic pairing and were therefore structurally unviable. Neutral nanoparticles maintained a stable size (~113 nm hydrodynamic diameter) but unexpectedly induced spontaneous platelet aggregation, limiting their applicability. In contrast, negatively charged nanoparticles exhibited exceptional colloidal stability (hydrodynamic size of ~120 nm and zeta potential of -48 mV), achieved significant inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and adhered to the platelet surface without inducing activation or membrane disruption. Steered molecular dynamics simulations, performed under identical non-equilibrium pulling conditions, showed the highest interfacial resistance to CLZ extraction for the negatively charged model, qualitatively consistent with the sustained CLZ release profile observed in vitro. These findings highlight the importance of precise surface charge tuning in the development of safe cardiovascular nanomedicines based on LPHNPs, emphasizing the need for comprehensive platelet compatibility testing before further biological evaluation.