Persistent representation of a prior schema in the orbitofrontal cortex facilitates learning of a conflicting schema

Schemas allow efficient behavior in new situations, but reliance on them can impair flexibility when new demands conflict, culminating in psychopathology. Evidence implicates the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in deploying schemas in new situations congruent with previously acquired knowledge. But how does this role affect learning of a conflicting behavioral schema? Here we addressed this question by recording single-unit activity in the OFC of rats learning odor problems with identical external information but orthogonal rules governing reward. Consistent with schema formation, OFC representations adapted to track the underlying rules, and both performance and encoding was faster on subsequent than initial problems. Surprisingly however, when the rule governing reward changed, persistent representation of the prior schema was correlated with acquisition of the new. Thus, OFC was not a source of interference and instead supported new learning by accurately and independently representing the old schema as the new was acquired.