Long-term ex ovo culture of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos

Abstract

While the genetic tractability, transparency and invariant development of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo have led to its broad adoption as a model system for the study of cell and developmental biology, its impermeable eggshell has complicated the use of small-molecule reagents during embryogenesis. Existing genetic approaches for rendering the embryo permeable to acute small molecule treatment have increased the accessibility of early embryogenesis to pharmacological manipulation but compromise long-term viability, preventing their use in studies of later developmental processes or post-exposure physiology. Here, we describe the use of an optimized enzymatic eggshell digestion protocol coupled with a minimal, serum-free culture medium that supports the survival and normal development of ex ovo embryos through larval maturation and adulthood. We show that this approach renders embryos permeable to a wide range of small molecules, enabling precise temporal manipulation of developmental processes previously inaccessible through conventional genetic methods. We demonstrate the utility of this technique through the pharmacological modulation of cytoskeletal components including microtubules and actin, as well as the minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein dynein, highlighting applications for the study of cell division, morphogenesis, and neuronal development, especially at later stages of embryogenesis. As a proof of concept, we use acutely timed dynein inhibition to show that cytoplasmic dynein is required to transport the centriole into the dendrite of embryonically born sensory neurons. This approach expands the experimental toolkit available for labeling and manipulating developmental processes in C. elegans.