Lipid interactions of an actinoporin pore-forming oligomer

Abstract

The actinoporins are cytolytic toxins produced by sea anemones. Upon encountering a membrane, preferably containing sphingomyelin, they oligomerize and insert their N-terminal helix into the membrane, forming a pore. Whether sphingomyelin is specifically recognized by the protein or simply induces phase coexistence in the membrane has been debated. Here, we perform multimicrosecond molecular dynamics simulations of an octamer of fragaceatoxin C, a member of the actinoporin family, in lipid bilayers containing either pure 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DOPC) or a 1:1 mixture of DOPC and palmitoyl sphingomyelin (PSM). The complex is highly stable in both environments, with only slight fraying of the inserted helices near their N-termini. Analyzing the structural parameters of the mixed membrane in the course of the simulation we see signs of a phase transition for PSM in the inner leaflet of the bilayer. In both leaflets, cross-interactions between lipids of different type decrease over time. Surprisingly, the aromatic loop thought to be responsible for sphingomyelin recognition interacts more with DOPC than PSM by the end of the simulation. These results support the notion that the key membrane property that actinoporins recognize is lipid phase coexistence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanism of selectivity of naturally produced toxins for their target membranes is not well understood. For example, actinoporins, toxins produced by sea anemones, have been reported to selectively target sphingomyelin-containing membranes. Whether they bind this lipid preferentially or recognize the phase coexistence that sphingomyelin induces is not clear. This work examines this issue by long computer simulations of an actinoporin oligomer embedded in lipid bilayers and finds no preferential interactions of the protein with sphingomyelin. Instead, the simulations show signs of phase separation, suggesting that phase coexistence is the key property that actinoporins recognize.