Smartphone-based infrared thermal imaging for differentiating venomous snakebites from non-venomous and dry bites

Abstract

BackgroundLocal envenomation following snakebites is accompanied by thermal changes, which could be visualized using infrared imaging. We explored whether infrared thermal imaging could be used to differentiate venomous snakebites from non-venomous and dry bites. MethodsWe prospectively enrolled adult patients with a history of snakebite in the past 24 hours presenting to the emergency of a teaching hospital in southern India. A standardized clinical evaluation for symptoms and signs of envenomation including 20-minute whole-blood clotting test and prothrombin time was performed to assess envenomation status. Infrared thermal imaging was done at enrolment, 6 hours, and 24 hours using a smartphone-based device under ambient conditions. Processed infrared thermal images were independently interpreted twice by a reference rater and once by three novice raters. FindingsWe studied 89 patients; 60 (67%) of them were male. Median (IQR) time from bite to enrolment was 11 (6.5--15) hours; 21 (24%) patients were enrolled within 6 hours of snakebite. In all, 48 patients had local envenomation with/without systemic envenomation, and 35 patients were classified as non-venomous/dry bites. Envenomation status was unclear in six patients. At enrolment, area of increased temperature around the bite site (Hot spot) was evident on infrared thermal imaging in 45 of the 48 patients with envenomation, while hot spot was evident in only 6 of the 35 patients without envenomation. Presence of hot spot on baseline infrared thermal images had a sensitivity of 93.7% (95% CI 82.8% to 98.7%) and a specificity of 82.9% (66.3% to 93.4%) to differentiate envenomed patients from those without envenomation. Interrater agreement for identifying hot spots was more than substantial (Kappa statistic >0.85), and intrarater agreement was almost perfect (Kappa = 0.93). Paradoxical thermal changes were observed in 14 patients. ConclusionsPoint-of-care infrared thermal imaging could be useful in the early identification of non-venomous and dry snakebites. Author summaryMost poisonous snakebites cause swelling of the bitten body part within a few hours if venom had been injected. Usually, health care providers diagnose poisonous snakebites by doing a clinical examination and by testing for incoagulable blood. If no abnormalities are found, then the snakebite is diagnosed as a non-poisonous bite or a dry bite. Swelling of the bitten body part results from venom-induced inflammation and is accompanied by local increase in skin temperature. It is possible to capture visual images of these temperature changes by using infrared imaging, the same technology used in night vision cameras. This study found that most persons with poisonous snakebites had hot areas on infrared images while such changes were observed in only a few persons with non-poisonous or dry snakebites. This new knowledge could help doctors identify non-poisonous and dry snakebites early.