Genotoxic formaldehyde and lipid aldehydes are sources of DNA damage in keratinocytes

Abstract

The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is vital for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which are caused by a variety of endogenous and exogenous genotoxins including reactive aldehydes. Patients with pathogenic variants in the FA pathway are predisposed to early-onset, aggressive malignancies, especially leukemia and head and neck, esophageal, and anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Prior studies have linked endogenous formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in hematopoietic stem cells with bone marrow failure and leukemia in FA-deficient mice. However, the genotoxic aldehydes specific to mucosal keratinocytes, precursors of FA-associated SCCs, remain to be identified. Here, to identify alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) necessary for protection of keratinocyte genomes from endogenous metabolites, we used a sensitized background of FA-pathway deficiency. We systematically inactivated all highly expressed ADH and ALDHs genes in FANCA-deficient keratinocyte cell lines and identified genes required for their survival. We report that loss of ADH5 or ALDH3-family enzymes in FA pathway-deficient cells has a synthetic lethal effect and induces DNA damage markers, nominating these genes as important defense mechanisms in the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes and prevention of carcinogenesis in keratinocytes. Loss of ADH5 increases formaldehyde levels, while simultaneous loss of four functionally redundant ALDH3 isozymes is predicted to cause accumulation of lipid aldehydes. FA-deficient keratinocytes are more sensitive to treatment with formaldehyde and the lipid aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) compared to FA-competent cells. In addition, the thiol-rich antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) partially rescued the growth of FANCA-/- ADH5-/- cells and lowered the level of endogenous DNA damage. This work identifies important defense mechanisms in keratinocytes and suggests cancer preventive strategies in patients with Fanconi anemia. SignificanceThis work shows that ADH5 and ALDH3-family enzymes function as tier 1 defense mechanisms against endogenous DNA-damaging metabolites in keratinocytes. Enhanced detoxification of endogenous aldehydes might prevent DNA damage and mutagenesis, which drive Fanconi anemia-associated head and neck and other mucosal squamous cell carcinomas.