Identification of Alpha-Gal conjugated Lipids in Saliva of Lone-Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Abstract

Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction triggered by IgE antibodies targeting galactose--1,3-galactose (-gal), prevalent in red meat. Its global significance has increased, with over 450,000 estimated cases in the United States alone. AGS is linked to tick bites, causing sensitization and elevated -gal specific IgE levels. However, the precise mechanisms and tick intrinsic factors contributing to AGS development post-tick bites remain unclear. This study aims to characterize the alphagal conjugated lipid antigens in Amblyomma americanum (Am. americanum) salivary glands and saliva. Nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (NSI-MS) analysis revealed the identification of -gal bound lipid antigens in Am. americanum saliva. Additionally, activation of basophils by isolated alpha-gal bound lipids and proteins provides evidence of their antigenic capabilities.