Twitching cells use a chemoreceptor to detect bacterial competitors

Bacteria live in cosmopolitan communities, where the ability to sense and respond to interspecies and environmental signals is critical for survival. We previously showed the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa detects secreted peptides from bacterial competitors and navigates interspecies signal gradients using pilus-based motility. Yet, it remained unknown whether P. aeruginosa utilizes a designated chemosensory system for this behavior. Here, we performed a comprehensive genetic analysis of a putative pilus chemosensory system to reveal behaviors of mutants that retain motility, but are blind to interspecies signals. The enzymes predicted to methylate (PilK) and demethylate (ChpB) the putative pilus chemoreceptor, PilJ, are necessary for cells to control the direction of migration. While these findings implicate PilJ as a bona fide chemoreceptor, such function had yet to be experimentally defined, as PilJ is essential for motility. Thus, we constructed systematic genetic modifications of PilJ and found that without the predicted ligand binding domains or methylation sites cells lose the ability to detect competitor gradients, despite retaining pilus-mediated motility. Collectively, this work uncovers the chemosensory nature of PilJ, providing insight into chemotactic interactions necessary for bacterial survival in polymicrobial communities and revealing putative pathways where therapeutic intervention might disrupt bacterial communication.