Substrate Stiffness Reshapes Layer Architecture and Biophysical Features of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Modulate their Differentiation Potential

Abstract

Lineage-specific differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) relies on complex interactions between biochemical and physical cues. Here we investigated the ability of hiPSCs to undergo lineage commitment in response to inductive signals and assessed how this competence is modulated by substrate stiffness. We showed that Activin A-induced hiPSC differentiation into mesendoderm and its derivative, definitive endoderm is enhanced on gel-based substrates softer than glass. This correlated with changes in tight junction formation and extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Further, live imaging and in silico studies suggested changes in cell motility, shape, forces and pressures, underlie hiPSC layer reshaping on soft substrates. Finally, we repurposed an ultra-soft silicone gel, which may provide a suitable substrate for culturing hiPSCs at physiological stiffnesses. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how epithelial mechanics dictate the hiPSC response to chemical signals, and provide a tool for their efficient differentiation in emerging stem cell therapies.