Endothelial integration of mechanosensory signals by the spectrin cytoskeleton

Abstract

Physiological blood flow induces the secretion of vasoactive compounds, notably NO, and promotes endothelial cell elongation and reorientation parallel to the direction of applied shear. How shear is sensed and relayed to intracellular effectors is incompletely understood. We demonstrate that an apical spectrin network is essential to convey the force imposed by shear to endothelial mechanosensors. By anchoring CD44, spectrin modulates the cell surface density of hyaluronan, which senses and translates shear into changes in plasma membrane tension. Spectrins also regulate the stability of apical caveolae, where the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are thought to reside. Accordingly, shear-induced Piezo1 activation and the associated calcium influx were absent in spectrin-deficient cells. As a result, cell realignment and flow-induced eNOS stimulation were similarly dependent on spectrin. We concluded that the apical spectrin network is not only required for shear sensing, but transmits and distributes the resulting tensile forces to mechanosensors that elicit protective and vasoactive responses.