millepattes micropeptides are an ancient developmental switch required for embryonic patterning

Abstract

Small open reading frames (smORFs) that code for \"micropeptides\" (10-100 amino acids) exhibit remarkable evolutionary complexity. Conserved micropeptides encoded by the millepattes (mlpt) gene are essential in Tribolium for embryogenesis but in Drosophila, function only in leg and cuticle differentiation. We find that a module identified in Drosophila trichome patterning, comprising Mlpt, UBR3, and Shaven-baby (Svb), coordinates early embryo patterning in several insect orders. Intriguingly, Mlpt segmentation function can be re-awakened in the Drosophila blastoderm, demonstrating the potency of an ancestral developmental switch retained despite evolving embryonic patterning modes. smORFs like millepattes thus illustrate plasticity of micropeptide functions despite constraints of essential genetic networks.\n\nOne sentence summaryA module comprising the small ORFs mlpt/pri/tal, the transcription factor Svb, and the ubiquitin ligase UBR3, possesses an ancestral function in insect embryo patterning which is lost in flies but reactivated when Svb expression is restored.