Discovery of iridoid cyclase completes the iridoid pathway in asterids

Abstract

Iridoids are specialized monoterpenes ancestral to asterid flowering plants (Albach et al, 2001; Stull et al, 2018). Iridoids play key roles in plant defense and are also essential precursors for pharmacologically important alkaloids (Dobler et al, 2011; Eisner, 1964). The biosynthesis of all iridoids involves the cyclization of a reactive enol intermediate. While this cyclization occurs spontaneously at low yields, it has long been hypothesized that a dedicated enzyme is involved in this process (Geu-Flores et al, 2012; Lichman et al, 2019b). Here, we report the discovery of asterid iridoid cyclases (ICYC). We show that these enzymes catalyze cyclization of the reactive intermediate to form the two major iridoid stereoisomers found in plants. Our work uncovers the last missing key step in the otherwise well-characterized iridoid biosynthesis pathway in asterids. This discovery unlocks the possibility to generate previously inaccessible iridoid stereoisomers, which will enable metabolic engineering for the sustainable production of valuable iridoid and iridoid-derived compounds.