A Membrane-Disruptive Action of VBIT-4 Challenges Its Role as a Widely Used VDAC Oligomerization Inhibitor

Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the most abundant protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane and a key regulator of metabolite exchange and mitochondrial physiology. Its oligomerization has been proposed to control processes such as mitochondrial DNA release and membrane remodeling, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. VBIT-4 has been widely used over the last decade as a putative inhibitor of VDAC1 oligomerization, despite limited mechanistic validation. Here, using high-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM), we directly visualized VDAC1 assemblies in lipid membranes and examined the effect of VBIT-4. Unexpectedly, VBIT-4 induced membrane defects and permeabilization at micromolar concentrations, independently of VDAC1. Quantitative AFM analysis further shows that VBIT-4 does not alter VDAC1 cluster organization. Complementary electrophysiology, microscale thermophoresis, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics demonstrate that VBIT-4 partitions into lipid bilayers, increases membrane permeability, and destabilizes membrane structure, without detectable effects on VDAC1 channel properties or assemblies. Consistent with this mechanism, VBIT-4 induces VDAC1-independent cytotoxicity in HeLa cells at concentrations above 10 {micro}M. Together, these results demonstrate that VBIT-4 does not act as a specific inhibitor of VDAC1 oligomerization but instead functions as a membrane-active compound. This work provides a revised framework for interpreting studies using VBIT-4 and highlights the importance of systematically assessing drug-membrane interactions when targeting membrane proteins.